Mitigation and remediation technologies and practices in case of undesired migration of CO2 from a geological storage unit-Current status

One of the main objectives of operators and regulators involved in CO2 geological storage activities is to ensure that the injected CO2 will remain safely in the underground for a long period of time. Therefore, in addition to the screening and evaluation of the performance of a potential CO2 storage site, risks of unwanted migration in the subsurface should be addressed and adequately managed. This can include the use of methods to mitigate those risks and ultimately to remediate potential adverse effects. This paper reviews the status of knowledge with regards to the mitigation and remediation technologies, from mature techniques adapted from other fields, such as oil and gas industry and environmental clean-up, to research topics offering potential new possibilities. Several categories can be defined: (1) interventions on operational or decommissioned wells to re-establish their integrity; (2) pressure/fluid management techniques for countering the leakage driving forces and/or removing the leaking fluids; (3) emerging technologies providing new mitigation opportunities for controlling undesired CO2 migration; (4) techniques to remediate the impacts potentially induced by such a migration. This technical state of the art is completed by the actual practices in the emerging field of CO2 geological storage established from the regulatory requirements and guidelines, and from the experience gained in existing storage projects over the world. This article concludes on important best practices stemming from this review and on future challenges in terms of research topics and operational needs.