Life cycle assessment comparison of emerging and traditional Titanium dioxide manufacturing processes

CED contribution from coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear, renewable, and unspecified energy sources for traditional and emerging TiO2 manufacturing processes using slag, ilmenite, synthetic rutile and titaniferrous magnetite feed stocks. Data sources indicated with symbols. (+): Grubb and Bakshi, 2010; (*): Liao et al., 2012; (○): Reck and Richards, 1999.136