C/EBPα mediates the transcriptional suppression of human calreticulin gene expression by TNFα

Calreticulin (CRT), a 46 kDa endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, is critical in the folding and quality control of proteins. However, the mechanisms of its regulation are not fully understood. Our previous study had demonstrated that elevated TNFα levels that are hallmarks of diverse metabolic diseases negatively regulate cellular CRT levels. Here, we attempted to study the mode of this regulation of CRT by TNFα. Using luciferase reporter deletion constructs of the CRT promoter, we demonstrate that while the −2 kb and −1 kb promoter constructs depict comparable activities, the activity of the −0.5 kb region was greatly reduced suggesting the significance of the region between −1.0 kb and −0.5 kb during CRT promoter activity. Of the transcription factors that possess binding elements within this region, C/EBPα was prioritized since it was shown to be inhibited by TNFα in an earlier report from our laboratory. TNFα significantly inhibited the wild-type CRT promoter activity that was attenuated in a C/EBPα-deleted construct. C/EBPα mRNA levels and its nuclear content was also reduced in the presence of TNFα. This led to reduced C/EBPα occupancy on the CRT promoter and a decreased binding of the nuclear protein to the C/EBPα-consensus sequence. TNFα also reduced the nuclear content of C/EBPβ but it did not bind to the CRT promoter suggesting that it does not contribute to the inhibitory effect of TNFα. To conclude, our results suggest that C/EBPα is critical in mediating the inhibitory effect of TNFα on CRT expression that might be crucial in determining the deleterious cellular effects of TNFα.