Time-reversal symmetry, Poincaré recurrence, irreversibility, and the entropic arrow of time: From mechanics to system thermodynamics

In this paper, we use a large-scale dynamical systems perspective to provide a system-theoretic foundation for thermodynamics. Specifically, using a state space formulation, we develop a nonlinear compartmental dynamical system model characterized by energy conservation laws that is consistent with basic thermodynamic principles. In addition, we establish the existence of a unique, continuously differentiable global entropy function for our large-scale dynamical system, and using Lyapunov stability theory we show that the proposed thermodynamic model has convergent trajectories to Lyapunov stable equilibria determined by the system initial energies. Finally, using the system entropy, we establish the absence of Poincaré recurrence for our thermodynamic model and develop a clear connection between irreversibility, the second law of thermodynamics, and the entropic arrow of time.