Mitochondria in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure

► Mitochondrial ROS mediate adrenergic adaption in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. ► Cardiac adaptation is associated with preserved mitochondrial biogenesis. ► Decreased mitochondrial bioenergetics accompanies the transition to cardiac failure. ► Bioenergetic failure is mediated by sustained adrenergic-induced cAMP-PKA pathway.