Automatic knot detection and measurements from X-ray CT images of wood: A review and validation of an improved algorithm on softwood samples

An algorithm to automatically detect and measure knots in CT images of softwood beams was developed. The algorithm is based on the use of 3D connex components and a 3D distance transform constituting a new approach for knot diameter measurements.The present work was undertaken with the objective to automatically and non-destructively extract the distributions of knot characteristics within trees. These data are valuable for further studies related to tree development and tree architecture, and could even contribute to satisfying the current demand for automatic species identification on the basis of CT images.A review of the literature about automatic knot detection in X-ray CT images is provided. Relatively few references give quantitatively accurate results of knot measurements (i.e., not only knot localisation but knot size and inclination as well).The method was tested on a set of seven beams of Norway spruce and silver fir. The outputs were compared with manual measurements of knots performed on the same images.The results obtained are promising, with detection rates varying from 71% to 100%, depending on the beams, and no false alarms were reported. Particular attention was paid to the accuracy obtained for automatic measurements of knot size and inclination. Comparison with manual measurements led to a mean R2 of 0.86, 0.87, 0.59 and 0.86 for inclination, maximum diameter, length and volume, respectively.

► A complete algorithm was developed to automatically detect and measure knots.
► An up-to-date and exhaustive review of the literature was done and reported.
► A particular effort was made regarding the validation of our algorithm.
► The software is published under the GPL licence and available at: http://webloria.loria.fr/equipes/adage/3DKnotDM/.