Pramipexole and Fingolimod exert neuroprotection in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease by activation of sphingosine kinase 1 and Akt kinase

AbbreviationsMPTP/MPP + - 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/1-methyl-4-phenylpiridinum; PD - Parkinson's Disease; ROS - reactive oxygen species; SPHK1 - sphingosine kinase 1; S1P - sphingosine-1-phosphate; S1P1-5 - sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors; red arrows - the pro-apoptotic pathways; green arrows - the pro-survival pathways.175