Recent advances in graphene-based biosensors

A detailed overview towards the advancement of graphene based biosensors has been reviewed. The large surface area and excellent electrical conductivity of graphene allow it to act as an “electron wire” between the redox centers of an enzyme or protein and an electrode's surface. Rapid electron transfer facilitates accurate and selective detection of biomolecules. This review discusses the application of graphene for the detection of glucose, Cyt-c, NADH, Hb, cholesterol, AA, UA, DA, and H2O2. GO and RGO have been used for the fabrication of heavy metal ion sensors, gas sensors, and DNA sensors. Graphene based FETs have also been discussed in details. In all these cases, the biosensors performed well with low working potentials, high sensitivities, low detection limits, and long-term stabilities.

► The sensing efficiency of graphene and CNT has been compared.
► Graphene based enzymatic and non-enzymatic electrodes can efficiently detect glucose, cytochrome-c, NADH, hemoglobin, HRP, and cholesterol, hydrogen peroxide, AA, UA, DA, respectively.
► The high sensitivity of graphene towards different gaseous molecules has led to its use in hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia, chlorine, nitrogen dioxide, oxygen, and dinitrotoluene gas sensors.