Near real-time immuno-optical sensor for diagnosing single point mutation: A model system: Sensor for factor V leiden diagnosis

Factor V leiden (FVL) is an abnormality of factor V (FV), a blood coagulation factor. It is a hereditary blood coagulation disorder with a high frequency (3–7% of general population). The most common type of FVL is caused by a single amino acid mutation and, therefore, its diagnosis is currently done only by DNA analysis, which takes a long time and is expensive. We have developed a rapid, accurate, and cost-effective, sandwich immuno-optical sensing method. To produce monoclonal antibodies against FV or FVL, having minimal cross-reactivity with the other molecule, a 20 amino acid sequence (20-mer) of FV or FVL at around the mutation site was utilized. The antibodies were screened first with the 20-mers and then the ones showing no cross-affinity were reacted with native FV or FVL molecules and they showed some cross-reactivity. Using two antibodies having strongest affinity to either FV or FVL molecule, a FV and a FVL preferred sensors, were produced. After verifying that the levels of the antibody affinity to the two different molecules remained constant with changes in analyte concentration, a two-sensor system is developed to quantify FV and FVL in plasma samples. The system quantified the levels of FV and FVL at the maximum error of 0.5 μg/ml-plasma, in their physiological concentration range of 0–12 μg/ml-plasma. The levels of both molecules may provide us whether the patient has FVL or not but also the seriousness level of the disease (homozygous and different level of heterozygous).