Nanostructure and nanomechanics analysis of lymphocyte using AFM: From resting, activated to apoptosis

The ultrastructural and mechanical properties of single resting, activated and apoptosis lymphocyte have been investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Using topographic imaging, we showed that the surface of the resting lymphocyte is smooth, while lymphocyte activation and apoptosis are often accompanied by changes in cell morphology. The apoptosis lymphocyte is rougher than those of the two other morphotypes, and coated with many big particles. Using spatially resolved force–distance curves, we found that the valve of the activated lymphocyte is about two to three times stiffer (Young's modulus of ∼20 kPa) than those of the two other morphotypes (5–11 kPa). These results can improve our understanding of the mechanical properties of cells during growth and differentiation.