Heterogeneous elastic response of human lung microvascular endothelial cells to barrier modulating stimuli

In this study we employ atomic force microscopy, supported by finite element analysis and fluorescence microscopy, to characterize the elastic properties accompanying cytoskeletal structural rearrangements of lung microvascular endothelial cells in response to barrier altering stimuli. Statistical analysis of elasticity data obtained from multiple cells demonstrates a heterogeneous cellular elastic response to barrier-enhancing and barrier-disrupting agents; sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and thrombin, respectively. A small but detectable (10%) increase in the average elastic modulus of all cells is observed for S1P, which is accompanied by a corresponding significant decrease in cell thickness. Variable effects of thrombin on these parameters were observed. To account for possible substrate effects in our elasticity analysis, we analyzed only the low-force sections of the force-displacement curves and utilized a finite-thickness correction to the Hertzian model. Our finite element analysis results substantiate this approach. The heterogeneous elastic behavior correlates with differential cytoskeletal rearrangements observed with fluorescence microscopy.From the Clinical EditorThis team of investigators employed atomic force microscopy coupled with finite element analysis and fluorescence microscopy to characterize the elastic properties accompanying cytoskeletal structural rearrangements of lung microvascular endothelial cells in response to barrier altering stimuli, demonstrating the validity of their approach.

Graphical AbstractFluorescence microscopy and AFM mechanical measurements suggest a heterogeneous elastic response of human lung microvascular endothelial cells to barrier modulating stimuli. Compared to vehicle, S1P stimulation produced increased cortical actin (arrows) in some cells and increased stress fibers (triangles) in others. AFM measurements show a decrease in the maximum cell height and suggest an increased elastic modulus at the cell periphery (dots).Figure optionsDownload high-quality image (442 K)Download as PowerPoint slide