Negative activation volume of oxygen self-diffusion in forsterite

Oxygen self-diffusion coefficients (DOx) were measured in single crystals of dry synthetic iron-free olivine (forsterite, Mg2SiO4) at a temperature of 1600 K and under pressures in the range 10−4 to 13 GPa, using a Kawai-type multi-anvil apparatus and an ambient pressure furnace. Diffusion profiles were obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry operating in depth profiling mode. DOx in forsterite increases with increasing pressure with an activation volume of −3.9 ± 1.2 cm3/mol. Although Mg is the fastest diffusing species in forsterite under low-pressure conditions, O is the fastest diffusing species at pressures greater than ∼10 GPa. Si is the slowest throughout the stable pressure range of forsterite. Based on the observed positive and negative pressure dependence of DOx and DMg (Mg self-diffusion coefficient), respectively, DOx + DMg in forsterite decreases with increasing pressure, and then increases slightly at pressures greater than 10 GPa. This behavior is in agreement with the pressure dependence of ionic conductivity in forsterite based on conductivity measurements (Yoshino et al., 2017), and can be used to explain the conductivity increase from ∼300 km depth to the bottom of the asthenosphere.