Biofabrication of vessel grafts based on natural hydrogels

Nearly one fourth of all deaths worldwide are attributable to cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including stroke and ischemic heart disease. In spite of the steady progress in cardiovascular diagnostics and therapy, the CVD prevalence continues to rise on a global scale. Persisting efforts in the fields of bio-engineering and tissue engineering, in parallel with improved understanding of disease mechanisms, have shifted the focus of research towards improved approaches to vascular regeneration, based on degradable biomaterials for temporary rather than permanent grafting. Utilizing advanced bioplotting techniques in order to combine cells, natural hydrogels and fibers, the production of tailored 3D vessel constructs that promote the regeneration of native tubular tissues has now become achievable. In this paper, we review the most promising biomaterials and additive manufacturing approaches to fabricate novel vascular constructs. In addition, we discuss the progress and the remaining challenges in the field.