What works in secondary schools? A systematic review of classroom-based body image programs

• 16 body image programs conducted in schools with 12–18 year olds since 2000 were reviewed.
• Seven programs improved participants’ body image on at least one measure.
• No programs were effective in improving body image in boys and girls.
• Effective programs were conducted with 12–13 year olds.
• Effective programs included content relating to peers, self esteem, media literacy.

Governments, schools, and curriculum authorities are increasingly recognizing that body image during adolescence is a public health issue that warrants attention in the school setting. After 30 years of eating disorder prevention research, and given the current interest in this area, it seems timely to review the research on interventions to improve body image in schools. We reviewed universal-selective, classroom-based programs that have been conducted since the year 2000, among adolescents, and found 16 eligible intervention programs. Seven of these programs were effective in improving body image on at least one measure, from pre to post test, though effect sizes were small (d = 0.22–0.48). These effective programs were conducted among younger adolescents 12.33–13.62 years, and included activities focusing on media literacy, self esteem, and the influence of peers. Implications for school personnel and curriculum authorities are discussed, and we provide recommendations for a strategic approach to future research in this area.