What Constitutes High-Risk Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer?

Excluding basal and squamous cell cancers of the skin, prostate cancer is the most common malignancy diagnosed in the United States. With increasing awareness and routine prostate-specific antigen testing, a remarkable migration in the clinical presentation of the disease has occurred in the past 20 years. An increasingly greater proportion of men are diagnosed with clinically organ-confined disease. In parallel, the incidence of men presenting with clinically bulky locoregional or metastatic disease has decreased. Despite the stage migration, when clinical and pathologic parameters are taken into account, a significant number of men with clinically localized prostate cancer do not have truly organ-confined disease. Such men might not to be cured with single modality, locally directed therapies. Thus, prostate cancer represents a disease spectrum with a number of biologic and clinical factors determining disease extent. An overview of some of these aspects of the disease is presented.