Perfect error processing: Perfectionism-related variations in action monitoring and error processing mechanisms

• Evaluative concern perfectionism is related to error specific activity.
• Perfectionism trait ‘perfectionistic standards’ is related to error positivity.
• Both traits are related to post-error accuracy (ECP negatively, PSP positively).
• Results suggest that ECP modulates attention on error processing.
• Results suggest that PSP affects post error behaviour and aware error processing.

Showing excellent performance and avoiding poor performance are the main characteristics of perfectionists. Perfectionism-related variations (N = 94) in neural correlates of performance monitoring were investigated in a flanker task by assessing two perfectionism-related trait dimensions: Personal standard perfectionism (PSP), reflecting intrinsic motivation to show error-free performance, and evaluative concern perfectionism (ECP), representing the worry of being poorly evaluated based on bad performance. A moderating effect of ECP and PSP on error processing – an important performance monitoring system – was investigated by examining the error (-related) negativity (Ne/ERN) and the error positivity (Pe). The smallest Ne/ERN difference (error–correct) was obtained for pure-ECP participants (high-ECP–low-PSP), whereas the highest difference was shown for those with high-ECP–high-PSP (i.e., mixed perfectionists). Pe was positively correlated with PSP only. Our results encouraged the cognitive-bias hypothesis suggesting that pure-ECP participants reduce response-related attention to avoid intense error processing by minimising the subjective threat of negative evaluations. The PSP-related variations in late error processing are consistent with the participants' high in PSP goal-oriented tendency to optimise their behaviour.