Nystagmus congénital. Nystagmus manifeste/latent. Nystagmus acquis

The main characteristics of early (manifested/latent) and acquired nystagmus are presented. Congenital forms are concordant, pendular or jerky, with an accelerating-velocity slow phase, and frequent sensorial defects, compensated by an eccentric gaze with concordant torticollis and a convergence; surgery consists of conjugate shifts of the eyes, artificial divergence or 4 horizontal recti large recessions. Manifested/latent forms are jerky, with a decelerating-velocity slow phase, discordant, with an optokinetic nystagmus directional asymmetry, infantile eso- or exotropia, compensated by an adduction (discordant torticollis), or equilibrate binocular inputs; surgical management consists in an orthotropisation or an adduction brake. Acquired nystagmus has specific characteristics: oscillopsia and associated neurological disorders; compensation results from versions and surgery is the same as for congenital nystagmus, ocular motor system palsies and gaze palsies.