Hysteresis losses in carbon-black-filled rubbers under small and large elongations

The cause of the minimum and further increase of hysteresis losses is related to the fact that the rubber network starts to exhibit limited stretchability at 30-100% elongation for carbon-filled rubber (while the rubber phase is elongated by 150-200%). This leads to the increase of elasticity modulus, and molecular chains become more rigid and less flexible. A relative slippage of rather rigid chains in the course of extension causes the energy loss in the rubber phase of a carbon-black-filled rubber, and the hysteresis losses increase in consequence.