The effect of local simvastatin delivery strategies on mandibular bone formation in vivo

Systemic simvastatin is known to reduce cholesterol and stimulate modest bone formation, but local surgical placement in polylactic acid domes causes robust bone formation and local swelling. A less invasive and more flexible injection protocol was studied to evaluate the bone-inducing effects compared to surgical implantation. Bone formation rate, short- and long-term bone augmentation histology, and mechanical properties were evaluated to characterize the new bone in a rat bilateral mandible model (test and control sides in same animal). Results demonstrated that multiple (3) injections of 0.5 mg simvastatin effectively reduced soft tissue swelling while preserving bone growth (60% increase of bone width at 24 days) compared to simvastatin dome placement (43% increase at 24 days). Compared to controls, bone formation rate was significantly higher on the simvastatin side, especially in the dome. Three-point bending tests revealed higher maximum force to fracture and stiffness at 24 days with simvastatin injections. Long-term evaluation showed that 55% of maximum new bone formed 24 days post-injection was retained at 90 days.