How realistic is the supply/demand equilibrium story?: A simple demonstration of false trading and its implications for market equilibrium

Transactions at non-equilibrium prices are “false trades”. Under standard assumptions, markets without false trading produce Pareto-efficient outputs. This paper demonstrates graphically the complications created when false trades occur, showing that quantities produced deviate from Pareto-efficient quantities except under unique conditions. In a general equilibrium framework, this spills over to cause Pareto-inefficient results in other markets as well. These observations call into question the use of standard supply-and-demand equilibrium theory as a starting point for policy analysis.