
Keywords: شاخص نرمالشده تفاوت پوشش گیاهی ; NDVI; Satellite imagery; Vegetation indices; Kyrgyzstan; Grasslands; Pasture; Productivity; Land degradation; MODIS; Central Asia; Pastoralism; Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK); Participatory mapping; Participatory GIS; Landscape change; Montane lan