Simultaneous stabilization of Pb and improvement of soil strength using nZVI

Mechanisms for simultaneous stabilization of Pb and improvement of soil strength using NZVI includes: 1) the precipitation and transformation of Pb-/Fe-hydrated oxides on the soil particles and their induced bounding effects; 2) the increased drainage capability of soil as the occupation of NZVI aggregates (volume smelling resulted by oxidation) in the macropores space and 3) lower soil density derived by the increase of microbubbles (hydrogen generated from the redox of NZVI) retained in the soil.181