Growth and morphology of three forest understorey species (Calluna vulgaris, Molinia caerulea and Pteridium aquilinum) according to light availability

▶ Range of shade-tolerance: Pteridium aquilinum > Molinia caerulea > Calluna vulgaris. ▶ P. aquilinum is the most competitive species for light. ▶ C. vulgaris and M. caerulea can be managed through acting on adult canopy. ▶ P. aquilinum must be managed through mechanical or chemical techniques.