Establishment of native tropical timber trees in monoculture and mixed-species plantations: Small-scale effects on tree performance and insect herbivory

▶ Small-scale environmental heterogeneity affects timber tree growth and survival. ▶ Success of management measures depends on local site conditions. ▶ Tree-stand diversification may reduce insect herbivory. ▶ Insect herbivores reduce growth of native timber trees in pasture reforestations. ▶ Tabebuia rosea is a suitable timber species for reforestation and restoration.