Electrochemiluminescence of coumarin derivatives induced by injection of hot electrons into aqueous electrolyte solution

Hot electrons can be injected from conductor/insulator/electrolyte (C/I/E) junctions into an aqueous electrolyte solution by cathodic pulse-polarization of the electrode. Injected hot electrons induce electrogenerated chemiluminescence of various luminophores including coumarins in fully aqueous solutions. This is based on the tunnel emission of hot electrons into aqueous electrolyte solution, which can result in the generation of hydrated electrons as reducing mediators. These tunnel-emitted electrons allow also the production of highly oxidizing radicals from added precursors. This work shows that coumarin derivatives are suitable candidates as ECL labels for bioaffinity assays or other analytical applications in which detection is based on the ECL of pulse-polarized C/I/E tunnel-emission electrodes in fully aqueous solutions. The mechanisms of the ECL of coumarins are discussed and the analytical applicability of the ECL of three coumarin derivatives is studied.