Studies on time of death estimation in the early post mortem period – Application of a method based on eyeball temperature measurement to human bodies

This paper presents a verification of the thermodynamic model allowing an estimation of the time of death (TOD) by calculating the post mortem interval (PMI) based on a single eyeball temperature measurement at the death scene. The study was performed on 30 cases with known PMI, ranging from 1 h 35 min to 5 h 15 min, using pin probes connected to a high precision electronic thermometer (Dostmann-electronic). The measured eye temperatures ranged from 20.2 to 33.1 °C. Rectal temperature was measured at the same time and ranged from 32.8 to 37.4 °C. Ambient temperatures which ranged from −1 to 24 °C, environmental conditions (still air to light wind) and the amount of hair on the head were also recorded every time. PMI was calculated using a formula based on Newton’s law of cooling, previously derived and successfully tested in comprehensive studies on pigs and a few human cases. Thanks to both the significantly faster post mortem decrease of eye temperature and a residual or nonexistent plateau effect in the eye, as well as practically no influence of body mass, TOD in the human death cases could be estimated with good accuracy. The highest TOD estimation error during the post mortem intervals up to around 5 h was 1 h 16 min, 1 h 14 min and 1 h 03 min, respectively in three cases among 30, while for the remaining 27 cases it was not more than 47 min. The mean error for all 30 cases was ±31 min. All that indicates that the proposed method is of quite good precision in the early post mortem period, with an accuracy of ±1 h for a 95% confidence interval. On the basis of the presented method, TOD can be also calculated at the death scene with the use of a proposed portable electronic device (TOD-meter).