Metabolic influence of lead on polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production and phosphate uptake in activated sludge fed with glucose or acetic acid as carbon source

► The effect of lead on substrate utilization of both PAOs and GAOs was insignificant. ► Lead substantially inhibited both of phosphate release and uptake of PAOs. ► PHB metabolism under aerobic condition was sensitive to lead toxicity. ► Both PHV metabolisms under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were sensitive to lead toxicity.