The neural correlates of emotion-based cognitive control in adults with early childhood behavioral inhibition

► Cognitive control is enhanced in children with behavioral inhibition (BI). ► BI may influence brain mechanisms driving cognitive control in adulthood. ► BI predicted brain response to emotional conflict monitoring and adaptation. ► Lifetime psychopathology, not BI, predicted behavioral differences in adaptation. ► Childhood BI differentially influences cognitive control mechanisms into adulthood.