Simulating urban expansion using a cloud-based cellular automata model: A case study of Jiangxia, Wuhan, China

► We present a new cloud-based CA model incorporating the cloud model into a CA model. ► The major uncertainties of simulation distribute at the urban fringe. ► The cloud-CA model achieves the highest simulation accuracy than other models. ► The simulated paces of Jiangxia in 2010 and 2020 are faster than the planning paces.