Exploring the influence of speed, social, managerial and physical factors on shared trail preferences using a 3D computer animated choice experiment

This study explored the impact of speed on shared trail preferences of students (N = 168) in relation to social, managerial and physical trail features, using a latent-class choice experiment with 3D computer animated trail scenarios. The trail scenarios were depicted as digitally calibrated films that systematically displayed six social, managerial and physical attributes. On-trail walkers and bicyclists were animated, using 3D character modelling and animation, moving at different speed levels. Respondents preferred litter-free, well designed and managed settings with gravel trails and low user numbers organized in larger groups, and shorter sight distances. Lower speed levels were preferred but speed perception depended on the trail environment. Heterogeneity in trail preferences was found, resulting in two classes with different preferences for social, managerial and physical trail features. Results also indicate that high-quality trail design can absorb more visitors than a less maintained trail environment. 3D computer animation seems to be a useful tool for investigating motion-related factors in environmental perception research.