Recent developments in manganese speciation

Manganese is an abundant element in the environment and widely used throughout industry. Although manganese has relatively low toxicity, in chronic overdose or prolonged occupational exposure, it can cause severe disruption to the central nervous system. This article illustrates the requirements for manganese speciation and reviews the analytical methods applied to such studies, including electroanalytical techniques and hybrid systems, such as liquid chromatography or electrophoresis coupled to inductively coupled plasma spectrometry.