Water balance simulations of a polymer-electrolyte membrane fuel cell using a two-fluid model

► All membrane models can be reduced to “diffusion only” of water in membrane. ► Most published works so far are flawed due to wrong boundary conditions. ► New insight into water transport through membrane in PEM fuel cells (PEMFC). ► Demonstrate that a “water-uptake layer” has impact on water balance in a fuel cell. ► PEMFC can operate under completely dry conditions without membrane dry-out.