Microstructural and electrochemical impedance study of nickel-Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 anodes for solid oxide fuel cells fabricated by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis

▶ Ni, Ce and Gd were homogenously distributed by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. ▶ Particle size (d) and porosity (ɛ) can be controlled within 1.5-17 μm and 21%-52%. ▶ TPB length increased 10 folds as a result of decrease in d and increase in ɛ ▶ With increase in TPB length, corresponding ASR decreased from 5.45 to 0.61 ohm cm2. ▶ Activation energy decreased from 1.06 eV to 0.86 eV as the TPB length increased.