Preparation of controllable porous starch with different starch concentrations by the single or dual freezing process

► In SFP, the porous structures of PSs were controlled by changing the starch paste concentrations. ► In DFP, starch pastes were filled in the pores of citric acid modified PS from SFP, and then frozen again. ► The effects of starch concentrations on pore structure, apparent density, moisture, oil and dye adsorption were investigated.