Carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, industrial structure, and technical efficiency: Empirical evidence from Ghana, Senegal, and Morocco on the causal dynamics

▸ A set of bidirectional and unidirectional causality relationships was found. ▸ CO2 acts as a limiting factor to growth in Ghana and Morocco but not in Senegal. ▸ Economic growth contributes largely to CO2 emissions in Senegal and Morocco. ▸ Technical efficiency contributes largely to CO2 emissions in Ghana.