Forming Europa's folds: Strain requirements for the production of large-amplitude deformation

► We numerically simulate fold formation on Europa. ► Nominally, fold formation requires larger strains than previously assumed. ► Low strain rates and small ice grain sizes enhance fold growth. ► Strain can be taken up via thickening of the lithosphere without fold formation. ► Uniform thickening offers a partial solution to Europa's apparent strain imbalance.