Estrogen receptor potentiates mTORC2 signaling in breast cancer cells by upregulating superoxide anions

► O2
- − upregulation in breast cancer cells is an estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent phenomenon. ► ER effects transient O2
- − upregulation by modulating O2
- − levels within mitochondria of breast cancer cells. ► ER-mediated mitochondrial O2
- − upregulation is critical for mTORC2 assembly/activation in breast cancer cells.