Growth differentiation factor-15 induces expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 through PI3-K/PKCζ/SP1 pathway in THP-1 macrophages

Our results suggest that GDF-15 has an overall protective effect on the progression of atherosclerosis, likely through inducing ABCA1 expression via the PI3K/PKCζ/SP1 signaling pathway and enhancing cholesterol efflux.