Simulated microgravity using a rotary cell culture system promotes chondrogenesis of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells via the p38 MAPK pathway

► The effect of simulated microgravity on chondrogenesis of ADSCs. ► Synergistic effect of TGFβ1 and simulated microgravity on pellet culture of ADSCs. ► The role of p38 on chondrogenesis induced by simulated microgravity.