Inhibition of the Unfolded Protein Response by metformin in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells

► Metformin inhibited UPR-related marker expression induced by glucosamine (GlcN) and 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG) in renal epithelial LLC-PK1 cells. ► The effect of metformin on UPR-related marker expression inhibition was AMPK-independent. ► UPR-related marker expression inhibition mediated by metformin only occurred when LLC-PK1 were cultured in low level of glucose.