Helicobacter pylori causes runx3 gene methylation and its loss of expression in gastric epithelial cells, which is mediated by nitric oxide produced by macrophages

Previous reports have indicated that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) causes epigenetic changes of certain genes such as cancer suppression genes, which may be associated with carcinogenesis. However, the mechanism by which it causes epigenetic changes in certain genes and not in others is unclear. Presently, we focused on a cancer suppression gene, runx3, and demonstrated the following: (1) H. pylori induces nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophages. (2) NO causes methylation of runx3 in epithelial cells. (3) H. pylori induces the methylation of epithelial cells in the presence of macrophages, which is reversed by an NO-specific inhibitor. These results indicate that H. pylori-induced methylation is mediated by NO, and suggest that NO may be a key to the mechanism of how H. pylori causes epigenetic changes in certain genes. Additionally, we demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide, as well as H. pylori, induces NO-mediated methylation, indicating that other inflammation inducers beside H. pylori might induce aberrant methylation of runx3.