Protein disulphide isomerase binds ammodytoxin strongly: Possible implications for toxin trafficking

Ammodytoxin, a group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 from the venom of the long-nosed viper (Vipera ammodytes ammodytes), is a potent presynaptically acting neurotoxin. It blocks the secretion of neurotransmitter from the nerve cell, thus hindering the communication with the neighbouring neuron or muscle cell. To express the neurotoxicity, ammodytoxin should interact with specific receptors in the axon terminal and express phospholipase activity. Our previous results indicate that, following the association with a receptor on the external side of the presynaptic membrane, the toxin penetrates into the cytosol of the nerve cell. Here, we show that the toxin associates specifically with protein disulphide isomerase, a protein in the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum, which may be crucial for the retention and concentration of the toxin in this cellular compartment and for its subsequent transport across the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol of the nerve cell.