Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) inhibits human renal cell carcinoma proliferation

► Clear renal cell carcinoma expresses vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors. ► VIP inhibited tumoral renal cell proliferation through adenylyl cyclase stimulation. ► Growth-inhibitory response to VIP was related to EPAC/PI3-K signaling. ► VIP and its agonists have a potential therapeutic role in clear renal cell cancer.