Carbamoylated free amino acids in uremia: HOCl generates volatile protein modifying and cytotoxic oxidant species from N-carbamoyl-threonine but not threonine

► Beside protein, free amino acid N-carbamoylation may play a pathological role in uremia. ► Threonine chloramine formation can limit the cell/protein destroying effect of HOCl. ► The limiting effect was completely lost by N-carbamoylation of threonine. ► HOCl generated volatile oxidant species from N-carbamoyl-threonine but not threonine. ► Cytotoxic protein modifying NH2Cl was identified as a component on these species.