Queuing at Bottlenecks Using a Dynamic Floor Field for Navigation

We incorporate dynamic medium scale navigation in pedestrian motion models to avoid pedestrian groups and, as a new contri- bution, to obtain realistic queue formation in front of bottlenecks. A floor field stands for the utility of a pedestrian's location. Pedestrian agglomerations decrease utility unless the target can only be reached by queuing. Then the utility function is manipu- lated so that the utility is high in a corridor leading through the middle of the queue. In addition we present a reliable measure for density using a Gaussian function and apply filtering techniques from image processing to efficiently integrate densities over space.