Bilevel Optimization in the Context of Intermodal Pricing: State of Art

With the rising interest to stimulate intermodal transport, determining pricing strategies can be intrinsically challenging. We provide a review on the current state of research in intermodal pricing, through which we identify a peculiar gap in optimization approaches. A suggestion to exploit the bilevel optimization technique is presented, as well as an account of its widely successful application to price setting problems. The different approaches to express the network users’ behavior, regarded as the lower level problem, are highlighted together with the particular modeling aspects of intermodal networks.