Hapten Design, Modification and Preparation of Artificial Antigens

The key step to develop an immunoassay for small molecular compounds is to synthesize artificial antigens with good immunogenicity. In this paper, the design and modification of hapten (e.g. the choice of modified sites, preparation of hapten derivative, choice of linking spacer), selection of carrier, coupling of hapten derivative to carrier (including coupling method, coupling conditions, the optimal coupling rate), purification and identification of artificial antigens are reviewed in detail.