Developments of Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Technique

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) is a novel environmentally benign sample-preparation technique, possessing obvious advantages of simple operation with a high enrichment factor, low cost, and low consumption of organic solvent. Compared with those of single drop microextraction (SDME) and hollow fiber-based liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME), the extraction time of DLLME is greatly shortened. DLLME coupled with gas chromatography (GC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) have been widely applied to the analyses of environmental and food samples. The basic principles, parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, and the latest applications of DLLME are reviewed in the article.