Evidence of Neutral Radical Induced Analyte Ion Transformations in APPI and Near-VUV APLI

We report on the reactions of neutral radical species [OH, Cl, O(3P), H], generated in a typical atmospheric pressure ionization (API) source upon irradiation of the sample gases with either 193 nm laser radiation or 124 nm VUV light, the latter commonly used in atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). The present investigations focus on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pyrene as representative of the aromatic compound class. Experimental results are supported by computational methods: simple kinetic models are used to estimate the temporal evolution of the concentrations of reactants, intermediates, and final products, whereas density functional theory (DFT) energy calculations are carried out to further elucidate the proposed reaction pathways. The neutral radicals are generated upon photolysis of background water and oxygen always present in appreciable mixing ratios in typical API sources. Substantial amounts of oxygenated analyte product ions are observed using both techniques. In contrast, upon atmospheric pressure laser ionization (APLI) with 248 nm radiation, oxygenated products are virtually absent. In addition, kinetic data evaluation yielded a bimolecular rate constant of k = (1.9 ± 0.9) × 10−9 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for the reaction of the pyrene radical cation with OH radicals.

Graphical AbstractExperimental evidence demonstrates that reactions between ions and inherently produced neutral radicals potentially alter the primary ion population generated in direct APPI and VUV APLI.Figure optionsDownload high-quality image (65 K)Download as PowerPoint slide