Material-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization (MELDI)—A New Protein Profiling Tool Utilizing Specific Carrier Materials for Time of Flight Mass Spectrometric Analysis

Over the past couple of years, proteomics pattern analysis has emerged as an effective method for the early diagnosis of diseases such as ovarian, breast, or prostate cancer, without identification of single biomarkers. MALDI-TOF MS, for example, offers a simple approach for fast and reliable protein profiling, especially by using carrier materials with various physical and chemical properties, in combination with a MALDI matrix. This approach is referred to as material-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (MELDI). In this paper, we report the development and application of derivatized carrier materials [cellulose, silica, poly(glycidyl methacrylate/divinylbenzene) (GMA/DVB) particles, and diamond powder] for fast and direct MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling. The applicability of MELDI for rapid protein profiling was evaluated with human serum samples. These carriers, having various hydrophobicities, resulted in characteristic mass fingerprints, even if all materials were derivatized with iminodiacetic acid (IDA) to yield an immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) functionality. Our study demonstrates that analyzing complex biological samples, such as human serum, by employing different MELDI carrier materials yielded type- and size-dependent performance variation.